U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF BOTANY,
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM
THE U.S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Vol. II.
BOTANY OF WESTERN TEXAS,
A MANUAL OF TILE PHANEROGAMS AND PTERIDOPHYTES
OF WESTERN TEXAS, BY
JOHN M. COULTER.
ee
PUBLISHED BY AUTILORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE,
es
COERICAN
. GOVERNMENT PRINTING orrica EMO RI AL ‘ \ 1891-94, Vey, LIBRARY %
AS a G *
Pry : ,
ai TIN, UV : = —_ sd
)
NOTE.
of Vol. u. of the Contributions were issued as follows: 152, June 27, 1891.
346, July 1, 1892.
Pteridophyta, pp. 347 to 588, May
The three numbers No. 1, Polypetalw, pp. 1 to No. 2, Gamopetalx, pp. 153 to No. 3, Apetal, Monocotyledone,
Il
10, 1894.
PREFATORY NOTE,
The purpose of this manual is to bring together and make easily ac- cessible our scattered information concerning the flora of western Texas. It will be considered a mark of appreciation if all omissions or mistakes be reported to the writer. The present work being necessarily a com- pilation, many recorded facts have doubtless escaped notice, and some Species may have been admitted which do not fairly come within the limits chosen. It is intended to include all Texan plants west of the ninety-seventh meridian. The desirability of presenting this manual in parts has prevented the arrangement of the orders in a sequence more in accordance with our present knowledge of their affinities. N 0 attempt has been made to give synonymy, except when necessary to a clear understanding of the Species under consider tion. It should be Stated further that the work has been prepared not merely as a con- venient reference book for botanists, but also as a handbook for Texan students. The latter purpose explains the introduction of analytical keys and of local names and uses, together with the simplicity of descrip- tion, which would not have been hecessary for the professional botanist, In the third part of the work it was thought best to conform as far as possible to the rules of nomenclature adopted by American botanists at the Rochester meeting of the American Association for the Advance. ment of Science in 1892, although doubtless not all the required changes have been made. In this work Dr. Elmon M. Fisher has ren- dered great assistance. Mr. Frederick V. Coville has prepared the manuscript of the Juncacee, Prof. L. H. Bailey the genus Carex, Mr. LL. H. Dewey the Graminew, and Prof. L. M. Underwood the Pterido- phyta. The metric system of measurements is followed throughout the work, and to those not accustomed to its use the following table, in addition to that given on page 5, may be helpful.
Table for converting metric and English linear measures,
Metric to English. English to metric, — — ee $e Millimeters) Meters to Kilometers} Inches to Feet to Miles to to inches. teet. to miles. millimeters. meters. | kilometers. | | 1= - 03937 | 3, 28083 0. 62137 25. 4 0. 3048 1. 60935 2= - OT874 6. 56167 1. 24274 50. 8 0. 6096 3. 21869 38= - 11811 9. 84250 1. 86411 76.2 0.9144 4, 82804 4— - 15748 13. 12333 2. 48548 101.6 1. 2192 6. 43739 5 = . 19685 16. 40417 3. 10085 127.0 1.5240 8. 04674 6 = » 23622 19, 68500 3. 72822 152.4 1. 8288 9. 65608 i= » 27559 22. 96583 4. 34959 177.8 2.1336 11. 26543 8 = - 31496 26. 24667 | 4. 97196 203. 2 2. 4884 12. 87478 9= . 35433 29. 52750 5, 59233 228, 6 | 2. 7432 14. 48412 it |
nee se
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Prefatory note .. 22.2... 22. eee eee eee cece eee ee eeccccane o peewee cecnne I
Analytical key to the orders... ... 2.222. 02.22- cece ecee cee. ee cee ceeeee 1, 153, 347 Descriptions:
Polypetale ..... 2.2.2 02-22. ec ee eee eens cee eee ee eeee cece ces ece cee, 6
Gamopetale ......... 2... eee eee eee cece eee e ee ceee eee cece ee, 155
Apetale --.. 2.0.2. e eee ee ec ee eee cee cece cette cece cece, 350
Gymnospermm..-. 2.2.2.2... cece ee cece epee eect cece eee, 552
Pteridophyta..-.. 2.22. ee see cee eee ceee cee e cece cece ceee cece eee, 557
Index... 2. 0... eee eee eee cece eee eee weet ee eee eens cece cee 569
LIST OF PLATES.
Facing page.
I. Thelypodium Vaseyi...... 2.0.2. .2.. 020. 2ec eee cece ec eeee cececceecs se. 15
I. Zexmenia hispida... 2... 00.0222. Lecce cece cee cence cece ee ee, 220
III. Perityle Vaseyi-... 2.0.20. 20. cece cece ccecee ence ee cece eee cece es, 227
i
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTU ba
DIVISION OF BOTANY.
—
|
THE U. S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM. | |
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM ey il
Vol. II, No. 1.
ISSUED JUNE 27, 1891.
MANUAL OF THE PHANEROGAMS AND PTERIDOPHYTES OF WESTERN TEXAS,
BY
JOHN M. COULTER.
_
Book Withdrawn POLYPETALA.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SEORETARY OF AGRIOULTURE
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1891.
-S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
DIVISION OF BOTANY.
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM
THE U. S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Vol, II, No. 1.
ISSUED JUNE 27, 1891.
MANUAL OF THE PHANEROGAMS AND PTERIDOPHYTES OF WESTERN TEXAS, BY
JOHN M. COULTER.
——.
POLYPETALA,
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1891,
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Smr: T have the pleasure of transmitting herewith for publication the first part of a Manual of the Plants of Western Texas, which has been prepared by Prof. John M. Coulter by the instruction of this De- partment, and mainly as the result of investigations which have been prosecuted in Texas under direction of the Botanical Division, by Mr. 4. C. Nealley, of Houston, Tex.
Dr. GEORGE VAskEy,
Botanist. Hon. J. M. Rusk,
Secretary of Agriculture. MARCH 2, 1891,
fe
PREFATORY NOTE,
ee —
The purpose of this manual is to bring together and make easily accessible our scattered information concerning the flora of western Texas. It is one of the richest regions in plant display, containing a flora particularly interestin § on account of the interminglin g of Mexican species, and very poorly provided with accessible information. It has been deemed advisable to publish the manual in parts, in order that their successive appearance may call forth additional information that can be embodied in a final Supplement. It will be considered a mark of appreciation if all omissions or mistakes in species or their range be reported to the writer. Such a work is necessarily a compilation, and many recorded facts have doubtless escaped notice, while it is to be hoped that a vast amount of unrecorded information will thus be brought to light. In many cases, on account of meager information, the range of a species has been given in a very indefinite and unsatis- factory way, and doubtless Species have been admitted that do not fairly come within the limits chosen. Itis intended to include all Texan plants west of the ninety-seventh meridian. In reporting the geograph- ical range of a plant it is very desirable to give some notion of its alti- tude and soil distribution as well, stating whether it frequents valleys, or plateaus, or mountains, and whether it is a plant that affects a cer. tain kind of soil. The desirability of presenting this manual in parts has prevented the arrangement of the sequence of orders more in ac- cordance with the present knowledge of affinities. No attempt has been made to present Synonymy, except when necessary to a clear understanding of the species under consideration. It Should be stated further that the work has been prepared not only as a convenient ref. erence book for botanists, but also as a handbook for Texan students, and the latter purpose explains the introduction of analytical keys, local names and uses, and simplicity of description, which would not have been necessary for the professional botanist,
JOHN M. CoutrEr.
STATE UNIVERSITY,
Bloomington, Ind.
MANUAL OF THE PLANTS OF WESTERN TEXAS,
ANYLYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Series I. PHANEROGAMS or FLOWERING PLANTS: those producing true flowers and seeds.
Class I. ANGLOSPERMS: those in which the ovules are contained in a closed ovary.
Subclass I. DicoryLEDONS: those whose embryos have a pair of op- posite cotyledons ; the fibro-vascular bundles of the stem form a more or less complete hollow cylinder; the leaves are net-veined, and the flowers usually 4 or 5-merous,
Division I. POLYPETAL®: those that have usually both calyx and co- rolla, the latter of separate petals.
A. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx.
1. Calyx entirely free and separate Srom the pistil or pistils,
Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle. Rosa,in Rosacr.x, 106 Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper sur-
face of a large top-shaped receptacle ...-......... Neiumbo, in NYMPHHACEEH, 11 Pistils more than one, separate, not inclosed in the receptacle, Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct .................---...... Rosace®, 101 Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous .....MALVACEX, 35 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Flowers diwcious; twiners with alternate leaves ..... MENISPERMACES, 10 Flowers perfect ; if climbers, the leaves opposite...... RANUNCULACEEH, 6 Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle.......... RESEDACE%, 23 Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis...... MALVACE&, 35 Pistils strictly one as to the ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several. Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots ......... HYPERICINE®, 34 Leaves not punctate with transparent dots. Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled ..............-.-..--....-... Rosace#, 101 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta ....... PORTULACEX, 31 Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentz. Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored ............. PAPAVERACE®, 12 Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals.......................... CAPPARIDEE, 22 Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals.........---.....-..-.-.. CISTINEX, 23
Calyx valvate in the bud, and Persistent; stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled.MALVACE&, 35
Deciduous ; anthers 2-celled.........--.....-.. ceceee TILIACEH, 45 Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent, Shrubs; ovary 3-celled............2........--..--.... BIXINE®, 25
Aquatic or marsh herbs; ovary many-celled..... NYMPHLEACEX, 11 1
2
2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the compound ovary.
Ovary 8-30-celled ; aquatic......---- cere eeerre eee rcerset eters NYMPHEHACES, il Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves alternate, with stipules ..----+-e-e* -----5+°-+ -Pomew, in Rosace*, 102 Leaves opposite, without stipules..---.----- o eeccnece Some SAXIFRAGACE, 107 Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal. Fleshy plants with no true foliage ; petals many .-..-.-----+---: CACTACEE, 125 Rough-leaved plants ; petals 5 or 10 ..---------- eee eres eee ee LoaAsAcE.®, 119 Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules rising from the base ...--.--.+---- PORTULACES, 31
B. Slamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.
Pistils 2-6, separate or more or less united. Flowers diwcious; stamens distinct ; woody vines. .....++- MENISPERMACE, 10 Flowers perfect: stamens more or less monadelphous; shrubs or trees. Carpels 4 or 5..-----se08 cee eee tere ce teeee wee w eee ceenes STERCULIACE®, 44 Carpels 3-.....----- peewee cence eee ees pee eee cece ee ce eees MALPIGHWIACEE, 47 Pistil only one. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 6; stigma 1; anthers opening by uplifted valves.... BERBERIDE®, 10 Sepals 2; stigmas 3; anthers not opening by uplifted valves.PORTULACE#, 31 Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate...-..-.--- AMPELIDACEX, 61 Calyx 4-5 cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute .....-..-- RHAMNES&, 57 Stereuliacez (p. 00) and Malpighiacew (p.- 00) may be looked for here.
C. Slamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when just the number then alternate with them.
1, Calyx free from the ovary, é.¢., the ovary wholly superior. * Ovaries 2 or more separate.
Stamens free from the calyx.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots ..-------+++++-+++ +++ wes eceses RvuTACEX, 52 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Low shrub with rigid entire leaves. ....------ .Castela, in SIMARUBACEA, 55 Herbs, not fleshy .--------------0see-ee sere crete: RANUNCULACEX, 6 Herbs with thick fleshy leaves.-...--..----++++-++-+--+° CRASSULACE, 109 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Just twice as many as the pistils (fl. symmetrical). ..---.-----CRASSULACE, 109 Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils. Leaves without stiptles 0.00.05 22 eee ere rete eee woe SAXIVRAGACE.E, 107 Leaves with stipules. .....---------- eee e eee cece ce ee a cee cenees RosacEesx, 101
* * Ovaries 2-5, somewhat uniled at base, separate above.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots -.----+----++--eeercr errr tects --RUTACEX, 52 Leaves not pellucid-punctate. Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves and distinct stamens .....- SAPINDACE.E, 64 Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves and monadelphous sta- MCNS 2a ce eee ee coe cece eee nee ere eneee a saee anes »e-»MALPIGHIACE.E, 47
Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals... eeeees SAXIFRAGACEE, 107
3
*** Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3-5, with a common style.......... ---.-GERANIACE®, 50 **** Ovary only one, and t Simple, with one parietal placenta .......22222..ce0c- ween eens eee... LEGUMINOS&, 68 tt Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placenta, styles, or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled.
Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6..-..........---........ FUMARIACEX, 13 Corolla irregular; petals and stamens 5.......... wwe eee e cone VIOLARIEE, 24 Corvlla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3......2....... ANACARDIACEX, 67 Ovules 1 or 2; fruit a cartilaginous follicle; low spinescent Shrubs .... 2.2. eee eee eee eee eee Glossopetalon, in SAPINDACE.X, 67 Ovules more than 1, in the center or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx............--- ----CARYOPHYLLEE, 28
Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. LYTHRARIE®, 111
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentie.
Seeds comose or long-hairy; shrubs or small trees... -TAMARISCINEE, 33 Seeds not comose or long-hairy. Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots...-HYPERICINEE, 34 Leaves not punctate. Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3................. CISTINEH, 23 Sepals and petals 4 or 5; stamens 6-........ FRANKENIACEX, 28 Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10. Styles 3 or 4, with flabellate many-cleft StiZMAB.... ek eee eee eee eee eee - TURNERACE#, 120 Styles 3 or 4, club-shaped; ovary and stamens raised on astalk......... - PASSIFLORACE&, 121 Styles with simple stigmas; ovary sessile. SAXIFRAGACEX, 107 Ovary 2-several-celled. Flowers irregular, Anthers opening at top, 1-celled; ovary 2-celled .......... -POLYGALE®, 26 Authers opening lengthwise, 2-celled; ovary 3-celled ...-.. SAPINDACEX, 64 Flowers regular or nearly so,
Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Triadelphous ; petals 5.2.20. 220.22 e ee cee wee HYPERICINE®, 34 Tetradynamuus (rarely only 2 or 4); petals 4...........CRUCIFER&, 13 Distinct and more numerous than the petals ........... SAPINDACEH, 64
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals,
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, etc...GERANIACEH, 50 Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, sepals, etc. .... cc. cece cece cece ----LINEH, 46 Shrubs or trees. Leaves bipinnate and alternate .......... veceeeMELIACESH, 55 Leaves pinnate or 2-foliolate, opposite, not dotted... ce eee cece cece eee ee -ZYGOPHYLLEX, 49
Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate..Ptelea, in RUTACEEX, 54 Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry ............22.. SAPINDACEX, 64 Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. Calyx not minute ; pod colored, dehiscent ; seeds inclosed in a pulpy aril...... 2... CELASTRINE, Calyx minute; fruit a berry-like drupe ...... ILICINE®,
4
Ovary 2-several-celled—Continued. Flowers regular or nearly so—Continued, Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals—Continued. Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell. Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves....-ELATINEE, 33 Stipuies none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 10, monadelphous at base ; leaflets 3, inversely heart-shaped ..Oxalis, in GERANIACEX, 51 Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. Style 1, undivided ; leaves very small and scale- like ...--.....--- seeees Keberlinia, in SIMARUBACEA, 55 Styles 2-5, separate.....-..-----------CARYOPHYLLE®, 28 Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx. Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. SAXIFRAGACES, 107 Style 1, pod in the calyx, 1-celled.......- LYTHRARIE*, 111
2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.
Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. ....---------------- CUCURBITACE, 122 Not tendril-bearing. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. .-.-...--.---- PORTULACES®, 31 Ovary l-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placenta ........ -.SAXIFRAGACE, 107 Ovary 2-several-celled.
Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. .----- CELASTRINE%, 56 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Stamens 8 or 4 (rarely 5); style 1.....-..--------- ONAGRARIE*, 113
Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 or 3, distinct. ........SAXIFRAGACEX, 107 Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
Stamens 2 or 8; style 1; stigma 2-4 lobed ; herbs. ......-- ONAGRARIE#, 113 Stamens 4 or 8; styles or sessile stigmas 4; aquatics...--. HALORAGEAS, 110 Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; shrubs -.....------------+- CoRNACE®, 150
Stamens 5; styles 2; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads. UMBELLIFERS, 138
GAMOPETALOUS FORMS IN POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
The following orders contain forms which have their petals more or less united into one piece: A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. |
Ovary 1-celled, with one parietal placenta. ..---.------+----++--- LEGUMINOS, 68 Ovary 2-celled, with a single ovule in each cell ...--.-----+---+----- POLYGALE, 26 Ovary 3-many celled. Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5..-----.----- Oxalis, in GERANIACE.E, 51 Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla ; filaments monadelphous ...---------- wee cee nee tee eee eee nee MALVACE, 35
B. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.
Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube ; terndril-bearing herbs -..----. CUCURBITACE®, 122 Ovary free from the calyx, 4-8 celled; style none ......-- .-+--2------ ILICINE”, 56
APETALOUS FORMS IN POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
The following orders contain forms which have no corolla, although the calyx is frequently petal-like. When there is but one set of floral envelopes this is considered to be the calyx.
1, Ovary or its cells con taining many ovules,
Ovary and pod inferior, 4-celled; stamens 4 ........ -Ludwigia, in ONAGRARIE®, 113 Ovary and pod superior, 3-celled and 3-valved, or 3-5-celled and circumscissile..... a eecees FICOIDE®, 137 2-celled or 1-celled ; placent« central. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the calyx...-...LYTHRARIE®, 111 Stamens inserted on the receptacle or base of the calvx.CARYOPHYLLE®, 28
1-celled, with one parietal placenta :
Ovaries two or more, separate, simple = § °°" 77 Te tt tree cree e ee RANUNCULACEA, 6
2. Ovary, or its cells containing only 1 or 2 (rarely 3 or 4) ovules.
* Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly 80.
Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules....-......... ----ROSACE#, 101 Stamens inserted on the receptacle ; calyx present and usually colored or petal-like ..........2...... © eee ne nee cee e ee nes RANUNCULACE&, 6
** Pistil one, either simple or compound,
Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers), Aquatic herbs; ovary 3 or 4-celled, or (in Hippuris) 1-celled. -- HALORAGE®, 110
Trees; ovary l-celled ..............----.eeee een eee nee Nyssa, in CORNACE®, 151 Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so ..............----..---- HALORAGES#, 110
Shrubs or trees. Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary; fruit 2-celled, a double samara .......2-. 22224 -Acerinex, in SAPINDACE®, 64 Ovules single in each cell of the 3-celled ovary..--...2..-... RHAMNEX, 57
As it has been thought best to use the metrical system in all measurements, the following table may be found useful :
| mm.} cm. | dm i) One line .......... | i rd hs Pe One Inch... _ -| 25 a5 — —_ One foot .......... —_ 30 _— oe
Four feet ......... | es 12 1.2
RANUNCULACER. (CrowFooT FAmMILy.)
Herbs (sometimes woody) with the few or numerous sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils all distinct and free: flowers regular or irregular : sepals often petal-like, and petals wanting in some genera: fruits con- sisting of achenes, pods, or berries: leaves varying from simple to much compounded, with petioles dilated at base.
* Sepals 4, petal-like: petals none (or small): fruit consisting of long-tailed achenes: leaves all opposite.
1. Clematis. Climbing by leafstalks or erect.
**Sepals often petal-like: petals none: fruit consisting of numerous or several achenes in a head or spike: leaves compound, alternate or radical (upper some- times opposite or whorled).
9 Thalictrum. Flowers panicled: leaves alternate: achenes few. 3, Anemone. Peduncles 1-flowered: stem-leaves opposite or whorled, forming an involucre remote from the flower: achenes numerous.
** * Petals evident: leaves simple or compound, alternate or radical: achenes numerous.
4. Myosurus. Flowers solitary on a seape: sepals spurred at base: petals slender : achenes in a long slender spike.
5. Ranunculus. Petals generally broad and with a scale or gland at base: achenes in a head.
****Petals and sepals both conspicuous and colored, one or both prominently spurred: fruit consisting of a few pods: leaves alternate, compound.
6. Aquilegia. Sepals 5: petals 5, large, spur-shaped. 7. Delphinium. Sepals 5, the upper one spurred: petals 4, the upper pair with long spurs inclosed in the calyx spur.
1. CLEMATIS L. (Virain’s BOWER.)
Perennial herbs or vines, mostly a little woody, climbing by the leaf- stalks (rarely low and erect), with 4 colored valvate sepals, no petals, opposite leaves, and numerous achenes with the persistent styles forming naked, hairy, or plumose tails.
* Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small and diecious: sepals thin, white.
1. C. Drummondii Torr. & Gray. Leaves pinnate and long-petioled, villous be- neath and somewhat hirsute above ; leaflets lanceolate to broadly ovate, 3-lobed, the lobes acute to long-acuminate : sepals narrowly oblong, villous outside: achenes pubescent,the plumose tails very slender and 5 to 10 em. long.—The Texan “ Virgin’s bower,” a characteristic and beautiful climber abundant in valleys throughout the State, and even occurring on the prairies in straggling forms.
7
**Flowers solitary (usually nodding) on long peduncles, large and perfect : sepals thick and mostly dull purple—LEATHER FLOWERS,
2, C. Viorna L., var. coccinea James. Leaflets glaucous, coriaceous, obtuse, reticulated, 2 to 3-lobed or entire: sepals very thick and leathery, scarlet or pur- plish red, wholly connivent or only the tips recurved: long tails of the fruit very plumose,—Apparently found only between the Colorado and the Rio Grande. The stations reported are near Austin, New Braun fels, San Angelo, and in Gillespie County.
3. C. reticulata Walt. Leatlets ovate or oval, entire or lobed, obtuse and mucro- nate (rarely acute), rigidly coriaceous and conspicuously reticulated on both sides: sepals pale purple and velvety outside: tails of the fruit long and very plumose.—In the valleys of southern and western Texas, but not abundantly collected. Easily recognized by its very rigid and conspicuously reticulated leaves, although in certain Texan forms the leaves are thinner than usual,
4. C. Pitcheri Torr. & Gray. Leaflets thickish, ovate, acute, reticulated, entire or 2 to 3-lobed: sepals dull purple, with narrow and slightly margined recurved points: tails of the fruit slender and naked or shortly villous.—In the valleys of southern and western Texas; the most common “ leather flower,”
5. C.crispa L, Leaflets thin, from lanceolate to ovate or cordate, entire or 3 to 5-parted: sepals bluish purple, the upper half dilated and widely spreading with broad and wavy thin margins: tails of the fruit silky or glabrate.—From the coast (Brazos Santiago and northward) westward to the 100th meridian (Runnels Co.),
2. THALICTRUM Tourn. (MEA DOW-RUE. )
Perennial herbs, with panicled (rarely racemed) apetalous flowers (perfect, dicecious, or polygamous), 4 or 5 (sometimes petaloid) sepals, numerous (rarely few) tailless ribbed achenes, and alternate ternately decompound leaves.—Our species are dicecious or polygamo-dicecious.
1, T. purpurascens [L.. Glabrous or pubescent, stout, tall, leafy: leaflets remote, short-stalked, large, oblong or oblong-cuneate, with 3 commonly entire pointed lobes above: flowers in a pyramidal panicle: stamens numerous, the long filaments widened to the linear-oblong cuspidate anthers: achenes numerous, short-stipitate, ovoid, thin-walled, with 6 to 8 sharp ridges, tapering into the slender persistent style.—A very common “meadow-rue” elsewhere, and reported to occur throughout Texas,
2. T. debile Buckley. Glabrous, weak and decumbent, 10 to 35 em. high, few- leaved: leaflets remote, long-stalked, thin, rotund, 3-lobed at apex, the rounded lobes entire or lobed again: flowers long-pedicelled and remote in an elongated almost simple strict panicle: stamens abont 10, the filaments short but slender, with oblong- linear mucronate anthers: achenes 2 to 5, subses;ile, oblong, terete, 8 to 10-ribbed, nearly beakless.—Sparingly collected and of unknown distribution in the State. A Texan form, with more rigid stem and smaller thicker nearly sessile leaflets is var. TEXANUM Gray (Hall Pl. Tex. 3).
3. T.Fendleri Eng. Granular or glandular-pubescent, erect, sometimes tall: leaflets remote, stalked, small, round, often cordate at base, with 3 divergent lobes, the cen- tral or all of them again lobed, their divisions mostly pointed: stamens numerous, with slightly dilated filaments (often papillose-roughened above) and linear mucro- nate anthers: achenes 10 or less, substipitate, large, obliquely oval and flattened, with 8to10 prominent nearly parallel ribs (occasionally reticulated).—In the mountains of western Texas.
3. ANEMONE Tourn. (WIND FLOWER.)
Perennial herbs with radical leaves, those of the stem opposite or whorled and forming an involuere remote from the apetalous solitary or umbellate flowers, few or numerous petaloid sepals, and pointed flattened (but not ribbed) achenes.
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1. A. Caroliniana Walt. Stem 7.5 to 15 cm. high, single from a small tuber: root leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft: involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft: sepals 10 to 20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish: achenes densely long-woolly, in an oblong head. (A. decapetala of Am. authors, not L.)—One of the earliest bloomers in the valleys of Texas, blossoming in February, Var. HETERO- PHYLLA Torr. and Gray has the radical leaves 3-parted, 3-lobed, or almost undivided, the segments undivided or 3-lobed, roundish-oval, crenately serrate. (4. heterophylla Nutt. 4. decapetala, var. heterophylla Britt. & Rusby)—Growing with the type.
4. MYOSURUS L. (MOUSE-TAIL. )
Very small annuals, with tufted narrowly linear spatulate root-leaves, naked 1-flowered scapes, spurred sepals, narrow petals, and numerous achenes crowded on a very long and slender spike-like receptacle.
1. M. minimus L. Flowers small and greenish: fruiting spike 2.5to 5 em. long.— Along the low bottoms of the Rio Grande, and probably other Texan rivers.
5. RANUNCULUS Tourn. (CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.)
Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate stem-leaves, solitary or corymbed yellow (rarely white) flowers, petals with a pit or scale at base inside, and a head of numerous mostly flattened and pointed akenes.
* Achenes thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head: scapose and spreading by runners.
1. R. Cymbalaria Pursh. Glabrous: scapes 2.5 to 15 em. high, 1 to 7-flowered: leaves clustered at root and on joints of the runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney- shaped, crenate, loug petioled.—Sandy bottoms of the Rio Grande and other streams.
* * Achenes crustaceous or coriaceous, nerveless. + Growing in very wet places, with entire or tarely toothed leaves, glabrous or nearly 80. ++ Petals 1 to 3 or 5, not over 2 mm, long : stamens 3 to 10.
2. EL. trachyspermus Eng. Branching: lower leaves round-ovate, obtuse: upper ones lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: achenes compressed, obtuse, everywhere tuber- culate, in an oblong or cylindrical head.—Prairies of western Texas.
3. R. pusillus Poir. Stem weak and loosely branching: lower leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped; upper ones oblong or lanceolate: achenes very turgid, smooth, or slightly papillose, in a globular head.—Marshy ground, especially in eastern Texas. A small form, with achenes more papillose-roughish, is var. LINDHEIMERI Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. 21. 367).
a+ ++ Petals 5, surpassing the calyx, 2 to 6 mm. long: stamens numerous.
4. R. oblongifolius Ell. Stem often pubescent below, slender, 3 to 6 dm. high, dif- fusely branched above and many-flowered: leaves ovate or oblong, serrate or den- ticnlate, uppermost linear : achenes minute, almost globular, and in a globular head. (R. Texensis Eng.)—Margins of ponds, ete. The abundant and conspicuous bright yellow flowers easily distinguish this from the other subaquatic species of Texas.
+ + Terrestrial species, with variously cleft or divided leaves, and flattened smooth achenes surrounded by a firm or indurated margin.
++ Style short-subulate, stigmatic the whole length, mostly persistent.
5. R. repens L. In habit and foliage closely resembling the next species: leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted.—Generally only in low waste grounds near
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the coast, where it is probably naturalized from Europe, but occasionally occurring as an apparently indigenous plant in the interior,
++ ++ Style long and attenuate, stigmatic at the tip, persistent or the upper part deciduous. = Petals 5: early root-leaves onl y 3-parted, later ones 3 to 5-foliolate.
6. R. septentrionalis Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous: stems ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming runners: leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked, broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally cleft and cut: petals obovate : achenes strongly margined, with a stout straightish beak, (R. repens of most American authors)—Moist or shady places,
7. R. fascicularis Muhl. Low, pubescent, with close-pressed silky hairs: root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibers: radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from the (usually) sessile lateral ones and 3 to 5-divided or parted into oblong or linear lobes : petals (often 6 or 7) spatulate-oblong: achenes scarcely margined, with a slender, straight, or rather curved beak.—Our earliest “buttercup,” and occurring throughout the State,
== Petals 7 to 16: no creeping or procumbent stems.
8. R. macranthus Scheele. Hirsute: stems erect, or declining, 3 to 9 dm. long . leaves nearly as in R. septentrionalis, but many 5-divided: petals 8 to25 mm. long, obovate tooblong: achenes numerousin a large head, ovate or orbicular, conspicuously thin-edged, at length with a rather short and broad flat-subulate beak.—Low ground throughout Texas, where it seems to be the most characteristic and common « but- tercup.”
6. AQUILEGIA Tourn. (COLUMBINE. )
Perennial herbs, with ternately compound leaves and lobed leatlets, large and showy flowers terminating the branches, sepals and petals colored alike, the latter produced backward into large hollow spurs much longer than the sepals, and erect many-seeded pods,
1. A. chrysantha Gray. Tall, 6 to 12 dm, high, many-flowered: flowers bright yellow throughout: sepals lanceolate- oblong, hardly exceeding 2.5 em. in length, a little longer and not broader than the limb of the petals: spurs very slender, over 5 em. long.—In the mountains of western Texas, where it is the most abundant “‘columbine” and one of the showiest of flowers,
2, A.longissima Gray. Somewhat pubescent, with silky hairs, 9 dm. high: flowers “lake, white, and straw color:” sepals lanceolate, broadly spreading, 2.5 to 3 em. long: petals narrower than in the last, spatulate, about 18mm. long, the claw opening by a narrow orifice into the very slender elongated spur, which is 12 em. long or more.—A Mexican columbine, but discovered by Dr. Havard in the upper cafions of the Chisos Mountains.
7. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. (LARKSPUR. )
Perennial herbs (our species), with palmately divided or cut leaves, a terminal raceme of blue flowers, 5 irregular petal-like sepals (the upper one prolonged into a spur), 4 irregular petals (the upper pair with long spurs which are included in the calyx spur), and many-seeded pods.
1. D. Carolinianum Walter. Stem 3 to 6 dm, high, slender, often softly pubescent : leaves deeply 3 to 5. parted, the divisions 2 to 3 times cleft; the lobes all narrowly
linear: raceme strict: flowers sky-blue or whitish : Spur ascending: pods erect, (D, azureum Mx,)—In the valleys of southern and western Texas.
10 MENISPERMACER. (MOoNSEED FAMILY.)
Woody climbers, with dioecious flowers, sepals and petals similar, stamens of the same number or more numerous, pistils 2 to 6 becom- ing drupes with a single flattened strongly incurved stone (in ours), and palmate or peltate alternate leaves without stipules.
1. COCCULUS DC.
Leaves palmate, flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, anthers 4-celled, pistils 3 to 6 in the fertile flowers.
1. C. Carolinus DC. Minutely pubescent: leaves downy beneath, ovate or cor- date, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape: flowers greenish : fruit red, as large asa small pea,—A very common climber along streams, with small edible red berries.
9. C. diversifolius DC. Glabrous throughout, or nearly so: leaves very varia- ble, cordate, ovate, or oblong (sometimes even linear-oblong), mucronate. (C. oblongi- folius DC.)—With the last, from which it can easily be distinguished by its usually narrower and glabrous leaves. ‘
BERBERIDER. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)
Shrubs or herbs, with sepals and petals usually in two rows of 3 each, stamens as many as the petals and opposite to them, anthers opening by valves, a single pistil becoming a berry or pod, and alter- nate leaves.
1. BERBERIS L. (BARBERRY.)
Shrubs with yellow flowers and wood, 1 to 9-foliolate leaves, flowers in drooping racemes, 6 obovate concave petals with a pair of glandular spots on the base of each, irritable stamens, a circular depressed stigma, and fruit a 1 to few-seeded berry,
* Filaments with two salient teeth al apex: leaves comparatively thin, and spinulosely dentate.
1. B. repens Lindl. A low shrub less than a foot high: leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute: racemes few, terminating the stems: berries globose, dark blue.—A common Rocky Mountain barberry, and found in the Gaudalupe Mountains of extreme west- ern Texas.
** Filaments without appendages : leaves very coriaccous and rigid, with spinescent teeth.
2. B. trifoliolata Moric. An evergreen shrub 6 to 15 dm, high, often forming large thickets: leaves glaucous, palmately trifoliate, the leaflets sinuately 3 to 5-lobed and spiny: berries red, aromatic and acid, about as large as peas.—On gravelly slopes and foothills from the Gulf coast to the Limpia Mountains. The red berries ripen in May, are often called “currants,” and are used for tarts, jellies, etc.
3. B. Fremonti Torr. A shrub 15 to 30 dm. high: leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, the lowest pair close to the base of the petiole, repand-dentate and spiny: berries somewhat ovate, about the size of currants, dark blue.—A rare shrub in the mountain canons of extreme western Texas.
4. B. Swaseyi Buckley. An evergreen shrub 6 to 9 dm. high: leaflets 5 to 9, the basal smallest, glaucous and reticulate veiny beneath, repand-dentate and spiny:
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berries nearly globose, about 12 mm. in diameter, “subtransparent,” yellowish-white tinged with red.—Discovered along the Perdinales River and not recorded since. Very near to the last species, but a smaller shrub, with usually more leaflets, and larger berries of a different color.
NYMPHHACER. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)
Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, peltate (or some- times cordate) leaves floating or emersed, and solitary axillary flowers. * Sepals and petals each 3 (rarely 4): stamens 3 or 4: pistils (2 or 3) free and dis-
tinct: stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage: flowers small,
1, Cabomba. Submersed leaves capillary-multifid,
** Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each other: stamens indefinitely numerous: pistils separately immersed in an obconical recep- tacle which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns,
2. Nelumbo. Leaves centrally peltate and flowers large,
** * Sepals 4 to 6, and petals numerous in many rows, either free from or adnate to the surface of the compound many-celled ovary, which contains numerous ovules attached over the whole inner face of the cells: fruit berry-like, with a firm rind, 3. Castalia. The large petals adnate to the ovary, and the stamens on its summit. 4. Nymphea. The very small and stamen-like petals and stamens inserted under
the ovary. 1. CABOMBA Aublet,
Slender mainly submersed plants, with opposite or whorled capillary- dissected leaves, a few floatin g alternate and centrally peltate ones, and single small flowers on long axillary peduncles,
1. C. Caroliniana Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or obovate, often with a
basal notch: flowers 12 to 16 mm, broad, white with yellow spots at base.—Common in ponds and creeks,
2. NELUMBO Tourn. (SacrEp BEAN.)
The only genus in the suborder, and sufficiently described in the generic key.
1. N. lutea Pers, Leaves usually raised high out of water, circular with the center depressed or eupped, 3 to6 dm. in diameter: flowers pale yellow, 12.5 to 25 em. broad. (Nelumbium luteum Willd.)—Along the lower Rio Grande. Called by various local
names, such as ‘ yellow nclumbo,” “ water chinquapin,” etc., but none are as good as the original Ceylonese name “nelumbo.”
3. CASTALIA Salisb. (Warrer-nymrn. WATER-LILY,)
Flowers very showy (white, pink, yellow, or blue), sepals 4 and green outside, petals numerous, the innermost gradually passing into Stamens, the many-celled ovary concave at summit and with radiate stigmas, fruit depressed: globular, maturin g under water.
1, C. ampla Salish. Leaves large, cordate with a deep narrow sinus and a little
peltate, sinuate-dentate, usually purple beneath, and the sepals with purple lines: petals white or creamy-white. (Nymphaea ampla DC.)—A Mexican species, but col-
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lected along the Rio Grande by Wright in 1848, somewhere above Presidio de Rio Grande, and probably to be found on the Texan side.
2. C. elegans Greene, A slender species: leaves not as large as in the last, with broader sinus, entire or obscurely crenate, apt to be purple beneath, and the sepals with purple lines: petals acute or acuminate, tinged with blue. (Nymphaa elegans Hook.)—A beautiful blue water-lily, found in lagoons, etc., along the Brazos and Rio Grande, and presumably in intermediate localities.
3. C. Mexicana. Leaves more nearly round and thicker, with narrow sinus, entire or crenate, and conspicuously reticulated beneath: sepals not streaked, and petals light yellow, obtuse or acute. (Nymphoa Mexicana Luce, )—In lagoons along the lower Rio Grande. This yellow water-lily is very near the C. flava Greene of Florida, of which it may be but a form.
4. NYMPHZA Tourn. (YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.)
Flowers yellow, sepals 5 or 6 or more, colored (or partly green out- side) and roundish or concave, petals numerous but small and stamen- like and inserted with the very numerous short stamens under the ovary, and not surpassing the disk-like radiate sessile stigma.
1. N. advena Ait. Floating or emersed and erect leaves thick, from roundish to ovate or oblong, the sinns open or closed or narrow; thin submersed leaves seldom present: sepals 6, unequal: petals shorter than the stamens: stigma 12 to 24-rayed, pale red: fruit ovate, about 3.7 em. long. (Nuphar advena Ait. f.)—Common in still or stagnant waters.
PAPAVERACER. (Poppy FAmIty.)
Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular 2 or 4-merous flowers, fuga- cious sepals, early deciduous showy petals, numerous stamens, a dry many-seeded pod.like fruit, and alternate leaves without stipules. Our two genera are annuals. 7
1. Argemone. Leaves simple, prickly-toothed : sepals distinct: capsule oblong or ovoid, prickly: juice yellow.
9. Eschscholtzia. Leaves finely dissected : sepals united into a narrow pointed cap: capsule linear, grooved: juice colorless.
1. ARGEMONE L. (PRICKLY POPPY.)
Stout glaucescent annuals, with sinuately pinnatifid prickly toothed leaves, large brightly colored flowers, 2 or 3 spinosely beaked sepals, 4 to 6 petals, and a prickly 1-celled pod opening at the top.
1. A. platyceras Link & Otto. Erect, 3 to 7.5 dm. high, hispid throughout or armed with rigid bristles or prickles: leaves 7.5 to 15 cm. long, the lower attenuate to a winged petiole, the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping: flowers white, 5 to 10 em. in diameter. (A. hispida Gray).—Abundant in the valleys and along dry hill- sides. Var. ROSEA Coulter has bright rose-purple petals: so far reported only from near the coast (vicinity of Corpus Christi) and from adjoining Mexico.
9. A. Mexicana L. Similar, but smoother, having leaves blotched with white, and petals usually yellow.—Dry hillsides and valleys throughout southern Texas and southward.
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2. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. (CALiForNia POrPy.)
Smooth slender glaucous an nuals, with finely dissected leaves, bright orange or yellow flowers, Sepals coherent into a pointed hoad which Speedily falls off entire from a dilated top-shaped receptacle, 4 petals, and elongated strongly 10-nerved pods which open their whole length.
1, E. Mexicana Greene. Dwarf and rather stout: leaves with crowded lobes: peduncles 5 to 25 em. long, mostly scapiform: petals orange-yellow, broad, 12 to 25 mim. long. (E. Douglasii, var. parvula Gray.)—The most eastern species, barely entering extreme western Texas along the Rio Grande.
FUMARIACE. (FuMItoRyY FAMILY.)
Delicate smooth herbs, with compound dissected leaves, irregular flowers, 2 small scale-like sepals, 4 petals in 2 pairs, the outer with Spreading tips and one or both Spurred or saceate at base, the inner with callous crested tips united over the stigma, 6 stamens in 2 sets of 3 each, and 1-celled few to Inany-seeded pods,
1. CORYDALIS Vent.
Ours are biennial leafy-stemmed pale plants, with yellow flowers in racemes, corolla 1-spurred at base, and pod with many-crested seeds.
* Hood or saccate tip of outer petals crestless, the back at most carinate: flowers golden- yellow.
1. C. aurea Willd. Commonly slender and with spreading pedicels: spur of corolla barely half the length of the body, somewhat decurved: pods pendulous or spread- ing, terete, torulose when dry: seeds turgid, with obtuse margin.—One of the early bloomers, on sandy ground throughout Texas. Var. OCCIDENTALIS Engelm. is more erect and cespitose, stouter, with rather larger flowers in a stouter erect raceme, spur almost as long as the body and commonly ascending, pods thicker, less toruluse, mostly incurved, ascending on short spreading pedicels, and seeds less turgid, with acutish margins. (C. montana Eng.)—Southern and western Texas,
2. C. curvisiliqua Engelm. Habit of preceding variety, and with spiciform raceme of rather larger flowers, the spur as long as the body: pods quadrangular, ineurved and ascending or straightish on very short and stout diverging pedicels: seeds turgid-lenticular, with acute margins.—Sonthern (near New Braunfels) and western Texas, Well marked by its tetragonal pods,
** Hood or saccate tip of outer petals dorsally wing-crested : Jlowers pale yellow and short spurred,
3. C. micrantha Gray. Stems diffuse and slender: flowers short-pediceled and small-bracted, when full-developed 8 mm. long, with spur 2 to 4 mm, long: often with only cleistogamous and much smaller flowers, which are spurless and crestless, or only slightly crested: pods linear and slender, torulose, ascending on short or very short pedicels: seeds turgid, with obtuse margin. (C. aurea var. micrantha Engelm.)—A species of the Gulf States extending into Texas, possibly as far west as our eastern limit.
CRUCIFERE, (Mustarp FAMILY.)
Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, alternate leaves without sti- pules, flowers (mostly bractless) in terminal racemes or corymbs, 4 Sepals and petals,